肾癌是起源于肾实质泌尿小管上皮系统的恶性肿瘤，学术名词全称为肾细胞癌（Renal Cell Carcinoma），肾癌约占成人恶性肿瘤的2%～3%，占成人肾脏恶性肿瘤的80%～90%。
Renal cell carcinoma is a malignant tumor originating from the epithelial system of the renal parenchymal uriniferous tubules, with the academic term being Renal Cell Carcinoma. Renal cell carcinoma accounts for approximately 2%-3% of malignant tumors in adults and 80%-90% of malignant tumors of the kidney in adults.
世界范围内各国或各地区的发病率各不相同，总体上发达国家发病率高于发展中国家，城市地区高于农村地区，男性多于女性，男女患者比例约为2∶1，发病年龄可见于各年龄段，高发年龄50～70岁。
The incidence rates vary among countries or regions worldwide, with developed countries generally having higher incidence rates than developing countries, urban areas higher than rural areas, and males more affected than females, with a male-to-female patient ratio of approximately 2:1. The onset age can be seen in all age groups, with the peak incidence being between 50 and 70 years old.
近些年来，大多数肾癌患者是由于健康查体时发现的无症状肾癌，这些患者占肾癌患者总数的50%～60%以上。
In recent years, most renal cell carcinoma patients are diagnosed with asymptomatic renal cell carcinoma during health examinations, accounting for more than 50%-60% of the total number of renal cell carcinoma patients.
有症状的肾癌患者中最常见的症状是腰痛和血尿，少数患者是以腹部肿块来院就诊。
The most common symptoms in symptomatic renal cell carcinoma patients are lumbar pain and hematuria, while a few patients visit the hospital due to abdominal masses.
10%～40%的患者出现副瘤综合征，表现为高血压、贫血、体重减轻、恶病质、发热、红细胞增多症、肝功能异常、高钙血症、高血糖、血沉增快、神经肌肉病变、淀粉样变性、溢乳症、凝血机制异常等改变。
10%-40% of patients experience paraneoplastic syndromes, manifesting as hypertension, anemia, weight loss, cachexia, fever, polycythemia, liver function abnormalities, hypercalcemia, hyperglycemia, accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, neuromuscular disorders, amyloidosis, galactorrhea, abnormal coagulation mechanisms, and other changes.
20%～30%的患者可由于肿瘤转移所致的骨痛、骨折、咳嗽、咯血等症状就诊。
20%-30% of patients visit the hospital due to symptoms caused by tumor metastasis, such as bone pain, fractures, cough, hemoptysis, etc.
病例解析（Case Analysis）
患者信息：81岁，男性
诊 断：肾癌术后，两肺多发性转移
治疗情况：NK细胞免疫治疗6个月后，癌巢约70%消失，30%缩小。
Patient Information：81 years old, male
Diagnosis：Post-renal cell carcinoma surgery, with multiple metastases to both lungs
Treatment：After 6 months of NK cell immunotherapy, about 70% of the cancer nests disappeared, and 30% shrunk.
经验分享（Experience Sharing）
肺、骨是肾癌最常见的转移部位，应及时、高度重视转移灶。
The lungs and bones are the most common metastatic sites of renal cell carcinoma, and metastatic lesions should be promptly and highly prioritized.
患者在术后应及早介入NK细胞免疫治疗，提高机体免疫力，降低转移风险。
Patients should undergo NK cell immunotherapy early after surgery to improve immune function and reduce the risk of metastasis.
肾细胞癌特殊的自然病程，包括原发肿瘤自发的退行性变，以及转移病灶的生长缓慢，不同的肿瘤倍增时间等，均说明宿主的免疫因素在肾脏肿瘤的发生发展过程中有重要意义。
The special natural history of renal cell carcinoma, including spontaneous degenerative changes in primary tumors and slow growth of metastatic lesions, as well as different tumor doubling times, all indicate that the immune factors of the host have important significance in the occurrence and development of renal tumors.
肾癌细胞对化疗药物普遍存在耐药性，长时间以来化疗方面也没有理想的突破，这促成了免疫治疗手段在肾癌治疗中的长足发展。
Renal cell carcinoma cells generally exhibit resistance to chemotherapy drugs, and there has been no ideal breakthrough in chemotherapy for a long time, which has contributed to the significant development of immunotherapy in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma.