The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells under the action of various carcinogenic factors (such as harmful chemicals) is a gradual evolution, generally taking a rather long time, with an average of 15 to 20 years, and in some cases, it may take decades. That is to say, there is a long latent period between exposure to carcinogenic factors and the occurrence of cancer. Experts have observed that the transformation of normal esophageal squamous epithelial cells into cancer cells goes through the stages of mild dysplasia and moderate dysplasia. Mild and moderate dysplasia usually can return to normal after the causative factors are eliminated, while severe dysplasia is considered a precancerous lesion of esophageal cancer, that is, there is a possibility of canceration. After a cancer cell multiplies exponentially 20 times over a period of 1 to 5 years, it can form a cluster of ten thousand abnormal cells, and at this time, the tumor mass is only the size of the tip of a needle. When the cancer cells multiply exponentially 30 times, the tumor mass can be the size of a pea.
正常细胞在各种致癌因素(如有害化学物质)作用下转变成癌细胞的过程是一个逐渐演变的过程,一般需要相当长的时间,平均为15-20年,有的可能长达数十年之久。也就是说,在接触致癌因素与癌症发生之间有一段很长的潜伏期。专家观察到,正常的食管鳞状上皮细胞转变成癌症细胞要经过轻度不典型增生、中度不典型增生的阶段。轻度和中度不典型增生通常在病因消除后可恢复正常,而重度不典型增生则被认为是食管癌的癌前病变,即有可能发生癌变。一个癌细胞经过1-5年成倍增殖20次之后,可以形成一万个不正常的细胞团这时瘤体只有针尖大小。当癌细胞成倍增殖30次之后,瘤体形状可如豌豆大小。
由此可见,癌症及其他肿瘤的形成一般有一个过程,其形成物是一种不正常的新生组织,主要是由于局部组织的正常细胞生长失去控制而异常增生所致。正常细胞转变为肿瘤细胞后,即具有异常的形态、代谢及功能特征,并出现不同程度的分化成熟障碍与不同的生长方式。成熟差、分化低的肿瘤通常发生对临近器官与组织的直接蔓延或种植性转移,也可经淋巴道、血液向远处转移。一般而言,可发生转移的肿瘤均属恶性肿瘤;肿瘤一旦发生广泛转移时,进行治疗的效果往往较差。
癌症作为现代疾病的头号杀手,因其高死亡率,另人“谈癌色变”。实际上,癌症不是一朝一夕形成的,正常细胞通常历经十年以上的诱导、刺激才可能转化成癌细胞,也就是说,癌症的潜伏期长达十年以上才会被发现。多数癌症具有潜伏期的学说,似可解释为何肿瘤多见于40岁以上的成年人中。当癌症尚处于潜伏期或早期阶段时,如何及早发现,仍是现代医学中的难题。